Having sound knowledge and experience as a cameraman, a background in teaching / participating in watersports, places me in a unique position in the UK to shoot water based videography that far exceeds that of the a regular watersports enthusiast jumping in the water with a camera, or the most experienced cameraman placing themselves literally out of their depth.

I have filmed events at a national competitive level and intend to do a lot more in the near future with the boom in the demand for online video / video marketing.

In the past I have survived with home made waterproof housings and rain covers, pining for an improvement in technology that would allow me to achieve the highest standard of footage at ease on or in the water. A large hard drive would be essential, with the backup of a laptop and external hard drive would mean getting plenty of footage without any annoying tape changes. Pro HD footage would be ideal and allow a combination of great quality footage and cropping to pin point the action. A compact camera that didn’t rely on the use of a view finder would allow me to achieve a perfectly framed shot and keep hold of the camera while filming in surf.

jvc_everio_hd40

Based on the above requirements I opted for the JVC GZ-HD40 with a JVC Everio Marine Case, WR-MG200. Visit back and I shall post some real life reviews using the equipment in extreme and marine sports situations, along with examples of footage I shoot.

JVC_Everio_Marine_Case

Contact me here at my blog with any questions regarding filming, watersports and editing.

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You may often wonder why you might get such a high bounce rate on your websites pages and how you can improve this. For those who religiously follow their web analytics and spend time and money on ppc accounts, understanding your organic traffic can also help improve the quality of your traffic. When I first started to look into search engine optimisation I presumed it was all about achieving perfect accessibility, perfect code and checking in an seo browser to make sure your title, meta, and content achieved 100%. I later moved into the world of ecommerce and realised that it’s all very well being optimised, but it was as important,  if not more so to be achieving high positions for the right search terms and following this up with content. A real life example I  thought about recently, came about when walking past a little arcade that contained a computer shop / repairer. In the window he had placed a remote controlled helicopter. I went in and asked if he had any more helicopters to which he replied, ‘no… I just put that in the window to get people through the door’. My point is that the likilyhood of someone in the market for a helicopter is unlikely to just pop in and want their computer fixed or to buy a stick of ram. So, this is where it gets even more time consuming and complicated, whilst you think about all the points made in the introduction to search engine optimisation, you must also be thinking about the copy on the page and the words you use. For this reason, it always baffles me when companies offer to come in and optimise your site, unless they completely know your product and industries, they will optimise your site but you will attract all the helicopter buyers!

So, you will develop your own technique to get the balance right, you will often have no choice on the content of your page if you are running somebody else’s site, but you must insist on the freedom to rewrite the content. Use google adwords keyword tool to assess the key words you have used and use the traffic estimator to best drive traffic. Once you have your content choose the highest traffic drivers (keywords) to build into your h1 tags, follow this up with a similar technique for the page title, then for now copy this page title into your meta description. Based on your choice of keywords for the page content, copy 5 to 10 of the most used AND most relevant to your site into the meta keywords. Don’t make the mistake of listing as many possible keywords as you can think of into the meta keywords this will have the opposite effect and google will see it as spamming. Give it a few days and check the site in domain tools to see how each individual element we have just talked about scores. Once you start tweaking things, monitoring is extremely important, record your figures and make one change at a time, if you see an improvement then implement it site wide. If you see things get worse you know what had this effect and you can change it straight back.

Intoduction to Search Engine Optimisation – SEO Learn at lunch

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More 80 Raves
“Around the world in 80 Raves” Chapter One – The proposal
“Around the world in 80 Raves” Chapter Two – Ready for the off!
“Around the world in 80 Raves” Chapter Three – Miami
“Around the world in 80 Raves” Chapter Four – Daytona Beach
“Around the world in 80 Raves” Chapter Five – Myrtle Beach

Only the next day a pretty big production company called Brighter Pictures phoned Joel’s and Joel later rang me at work. They were almost too enthusiastic about what we had written, they told us they were restructuring the idea and taking it to Channel 4 the next day. We talked at first over the phone, still not quite believing that we were liasing with a big production company in london. Then only two days later, in the company’s conference room we were discussing ideas and the possibilities of a contract allowing them to develop the idea and binding us to it if it were ever to get commissioned. Which we were told could take anything from a month to a couple of years.

It was quite impressive in our eyes that someone had shown an interest but looking at thing realistically, nothing would come of it.

A week later and after a rejection letter from Channel Five (the quality program, station) our contracts came in the post, still not taking things very seriously, our parents, the most worldly people we know looked over them and it was agreed that we would sign. I returned to the Isle of Wight to teach and left sainsbury’s and “our TV show” behind me in Leicester. The day we were about to return our contracts Joel rang me… quite excited. Rapido, the makers of Eurotrash had rung saying they had a similar idea already under research and that they would like to meet and discuss the trip further. So again we made another trip to London, this time with a little more confidence as we had been there, done that. We met with the big cheese at Rapido, and soon realised that the trip was fast becoming a reality. They planned to do America in a bus and were soon going to advertise for victims to do it. Now they had us, a group of friends that were already keen to do it and had plenty of ideas, things to do and places to go. I left all the dealings with Joel and Bex as I was a dedicated watersports instructor. Managing a few days here and there, we shot a promo in London for channel 4 to check to see we had what it takes and also we met the commitioning editor at the channel 4 building for his approval. We merely had lunch in the canteen and pissed around which seemed to somehow impress him. He wanted to check to make sure we were whom we said we were and weren’t plucked from an agency. So we all had to send a wage slip or something as proof.

Knowing it was now all now very real, I began to tell pretty much everyone I knew. I had a mixed response, obviously they were all impressed that I had pulled off the biggest blag to date, but many of my wiser friends helped me to keep my head and not assume that it would be easy and everyone would treat us right, which was good, because lets face it I was dealing with an industry I knew nothing about.

The next few months were quite a wait. We shot a promo for channel 4, which basically involved us making twatts of ourselves around London, then the only things we had to sort out were passports, Rapido to get us visas and making sure we had our six members of the group sorted. It was agreed that Rebecca could choose the girls that were going so she didn’t get lonely or left out, and as the guy I was going to go travelling with had already left, Joel asked a friend we used to go to school with and the six were complete. As a team we were, me, Joel, Bex, Boppa, Chantel and Sheryl. Two girls I’ve met a couple of times that Bex knows, Chantel she used to work with and Sheryl she grew up with.

About a month before we were going to the states though a really weird thing happened, totally irrelevant to the show but it’s a story worth telling.

On the 16th of June I was fired from the UKSA, well sort of. I was given the reason of “poor performance” much to the disagreement of the other 30 instructors working alongside me. I had had no prior warnings which usually come before a dismissal and my contract states that I should have been given at least a weeks notice, instead I was forced to pack my bags within the hour under surveillance and then told to leave the island. They dropped me off at the ferry with my season’s belongings, which I couldn’t even lift and left me there. But it wasn’t too much of a problem as a mate lived just up the road and I planned to kip there a couple of nights so I could get my head straight. When I rang though I found that for some reason all my mates had been warned that if they were to help me then there jobs could be on the line. I paused for thought then realised my fucking motorbike was stuck at the centre. I couldn’t figure it out I had done nothing wrong, if anything I was chuffing good at what I did, but got fired. Nevermind, I ended up staying round a friends for a week, which at the time was appreciated and that night absolutely everyone came around for a barbeque and we got hammered then went down the pub. My parents came the next week and I took all my stuff in one go including my beloved motorbike. Weird hey?

So I had a couple of weeks to kill, some of which was spent filming us, preparing to go and getting some background on who each of us were, in various glamorous locations. I did decide to sign on for two weeks, I wouldn’t normally but there was no way someone would employ me for two weeks and I still had bills to pay so I had no choice.

Some of the crew that would be working on the show in London and with us in the states came up to Leicester to meet us and find out what to research that we would like to take part in when we get to the states, there was Richard who would be assistant director and who would sneekly stay on our bus but shhh the viewer doesn’t know that bit. Another guy, Matt who would be a researcher working in London at the Rapido studios and Steven D Wright, the producer of the whole lot, he is the man that makes the decisions and the man with the money in his hand so we had a slap up meal and as many bottles of wine as we could before the night was over.

At a later date we would meet our director, Phil Jones who would be directing the show in the states for the two months we are out there, we met at Joel’s house, just me, Joel and Bex. He would offer his ideas on how he wanted the overall show to look and we told him what we had envisaged, so we sort of had an idea of what to expect and how the filming would work over the next few weeks while still in Leicester.

The next couple of weeks were a long wait, two of those days we met Paul and Rory, the sound and camera men, top blokes and we got on well from the beginning. The crew rushed around to different locations to film us doing what we do. I was filmed windsurfing on a day with no wind, but it was a good laugh and got me used to being filmed. Also we would all be interviewed during the two days, which I have to say was very awkward, but would again get me a little more use to having a camera in my face. It was all-good though.

Now the time had come, the holiday of a lifetime.

. Around the World in 80 raves …. {Working title} … Rapido production for Channel 4 …

Around the world in 80 raves is a show conceived by and starring six kids from England’s most under rated city, Leicester. Three girls and three lads spent eight weeks touring America communally living in a bus, going between festivals, beaches and S & M clubs. 80 raves will premier in April in an eleven o’clock, Friday night slot. The three girls, Rebekah, a sexy young singer, Chantal a feisty fashion student and Sheryl, the lap-dancer, spent their time sunbathing, partying and generally putting the lads in their place. The lads, Glenn, the ladies favourite watersports instructor, Joel the tattooed comedian and Boppa the two pence short of a pound musician spent their eight weeks drinking, stinking and trying to charm the women. Glenn, Rebekah and Joel dreamed up the idea for a TV show trip of a life time, and within a week of writing their letter, were setting off to London for production meetings with major TV players. 80 raves is a surreal realisation of every young partyers dream, to tour a continent getting up to things you really shouldn’t be able to get away with, all on someone else’s money. Music, drugs, mud, sex, and Jerry Springer……….what more could any one want.

I did keep a diary while I was out there, call me a geek but I thought there might be a few moments I may want to remember in years to come, anyway enjoy my holiday.

The crew had flown to the states a day before us so they could set up and be ready to film our arrival. Nerves had set in and I had a long wait for the van, as I was the penultimate to be picked up. A van had been sent to go to everyone’s house and pick them up, Richard would be in the van with the small camera to get our goodbyes and us stuffing our kit in the van on tape. Sheryl was the last to be picked up and apart from my windsurf board she had the most kit which later we found out, one of these suitcases was full entirely for her own pillows cos she can’t sleep without them. Pack essentials that’s what I say. So once all in, we travelled to the Posthouse at Heathrow airport to fly early the next day. We met in the bar for a few drinks where we were given our contracts to sign, it seemed a bit dodgy but they read over ok and reminded us that we wouldn’t get any money out of it all, but what the hell, when am I going to get another opportunity like this… yes you’re right, never. Well unless we get a second series. We all hit the sack reasonably early because we would be up at about four in the morning.

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Companies often seem afraid of the word free, it seems that a paid for product and someone accountable is the popular choice, but the Internet has brought about companies that have re-invented their business model and found new ways to make their businesses profitable, which provides us with a solution that far exceeds that of a conventional business. Software is a prime example and should be used to best effect. At about the time companies banned MSN on the work computer there was a bigger lesson to be learnt from this. Employees were spending more time chatting to the friends because it was easy and a relatively private affair to do so. More importantly one of the largest companies in the world were researching how the user interacted with the platform, which led to the ability to include status updates, so others new that you were out to lunch or busy.

I recently attended a training course for an ecommerce software platform and the company had embraced free applications. Every employee on a 3 story building had Skype installed on their PC and they all had a Skype account using their work email address, resulting in that anyone could sign in from any computer (improving the ability to hotdesk for starters) but here is the scenario that got me thinking. During the session (from the training room on the bottom floor) I posed a question that the tutor could not answer, he looked at his Skype and said “frank” is away from his desk at the moment but I’ll ask home and we’ll come back to it. So, what were the real world solutions in that situation – blag an answer? A popular choice! Pick up the phone only to realize that “Frank” is not at his desk? Or physically go to the first or second floor leaving the trainee alone in the room only to find that “Frank” is currently tied up on a conference call and cannot be disturbed. In the new scenario we were able to maintain the flow of the session and when “frank” had finished having a cigy he was able to report back, the tutor was able to read the information and relay it back at a convenient time.

Sure these things have security implications but we shouldn’t be put off by the fact that the software, because of this companies have far outgrown the competition that charge for a similar service. During times of travelling budgets being cut and volumes of money being spent on video conferencing systems, there are relatively few issues to overcome to integrate into your business and how cool would it be if in later releases you could call direct to say a Polycom unit, with the simple addition of a webcam this could in theory be possible and would encourage breaking down the fear of using the high tech solutions in the workplace.

Yes, there will be bandwidth issues and a peripheral cost but I’m guessing for small companies this would not cause too many problems with modern day broadband speeds and depending on the communications set up a of larger companies you may need to increase the allocation or re-balance the bandwidth allocated to data, that’s not my area of expertise, but I have spoken to the people in the know. Admittedly, I have not calculated the ROI, but the improvement to efficiencies and potential large scale cost saving make this concept a very interesting proposition for consideration.

In particular in the context it is important to make clear your intentions of quick and easy contact with your customers. Even today there are websites out there who believe it would be more efficient to bury their contact details and even then only make an email address or contact form. Although many security fears have been broken down with shoppers and shopping online, this is one of the biggest mistakes you can make. Shoppers browsing a new store online will want to know if they can return an item and and exercise their consumer rights if something goes wrong. If you have a high bounce rate on your product landing pages and do not freely present your contact details, this is often the problem. At the same time it is important not to bombard your customer, provide them with the popular and most accesible means of communication and allow them the choice. If you have a chat assistant installed, watch your customers as they browse your site and identify those who need help before you initiate a chat. Undoubtidly for the less tech saavy, you are more likely to scare them off than encourage them to buy if they were not looking for assistants.

Just a thought!

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Open PhotoshopPhotoshop_Window
Using the menu along the top of the work space go to WINDOW and untick all of the palettes except for OPTION and TOOLS

You will now open a new document. FILE > NEW > and have a look at the dialogue box. First of all give the document a name. Then select DEFAULT PHOTOSHOP SIZE from the Presets menu. Set the Colour Mode to RGB.

Photoshop_New

Place the mouse on the bottom right corner of the document. Click and drag on the small square to resize window.

Drag_Window_Corner

Now have a look at the TOOLS palette to the left of the workspace. Holding the mouse over a tool should give you a TOOL TIP. Try it for each tool to see what they do. The TOOL TIP will also give you a keyboard letter. This is a KEYBOARD SHORTCUT. Try changing the tools by using the KEYBOARD SHORTCUTS.

Photoshop_Toolbar

Click the mouse on a tool with a black triangle in the bottom corner of the square. Hold the mouse down and a context sensitive menu will appear showing you more options for the tool.

Photoshop_context_sensative_menu

foreground_backgroundTowards the bottom of the tools palette there should be a BLACK and a WHITE square. This represents the foreground and background colours, as they are currently set.

Double click the mouse on the top square. This will open a SWATCH palette. Using the mouse click in the coloured area to change the foreground colour. Experiment and see what colours you have available to you before you choose one. Then click the mouse on OK. Now you can see that the foreground colour square in the tools palette has changed colour.

Color_Picker

Now find the BRUSH TOOL and click on it.New_Brush
Notice the OPTIONS palette below the menu at the top of the workspace changes. From the OPTIONS palette you can change the brush attributes such as size, hardness and so on. Try painting in the canvas, first with one brush size then change to another. Try changing the foreground colour and the brush shape and draw an abstract design on the canvas.

Brush_toolbar

Special_Effect_BrushesWhen you drop down the BRUSH menu from the options palette you will notice a small black triangle to the right of the palette. Click on this triangle and you will drop down a menu of further choices. Try some SPECIAL EFFECTS brushes. What happens when you change the OPACITY of the brush from the options palette? Now you will select part of the image. Find the RECTANGULAR MARQUEE TOOL form the tools palette.

Marguee_Tool

Click the mouse over the canvas and holding it down drag out a rectangle. This should appear as a dashed line around the area you have selected.

Move_tool
Changing the tool to the MOVE TOOL click on the area you originally selected and drag the selection to one side. Try this a few times.

Undo_Step_BackwardNow use the UNDO command by going to the EDIT menu at the top of the workspace and dropping down to STEP BACKWARDS until the picture returns to how it was before you started using the select tool. Change the MARQUEE TOOL to an ELIPTICAL MARQUEE and make another selection. Use the CMD+C keyboard shortcut to copy the selection. Now use CMD+V to paste the selection. Changing the tool to the MOVE TOOL click on the area you originally selected and drag the pasted selection to one side.

Layers_PanelNow go to the WINDOW menu at the top of the workspace and drop down the menu to LAYERS and make sure this item has a tick by it. Have a look at this palette. It is a very important palette that you will learn to use a lot. To understand LAYERS think of each layer as a sheet of glass laid over each other. At the moment you should have two sheets of glass, or layers in the LAYERS PALETTE. The bottom layer is named BACKGROUND and the top layer is called LAYER1.

Use ALT+CMD+Z keyboard shortcut to step backwards. The top layer will disappear. When you cut and paste from an object Photoshop will automatically paste the selection to a new layer, this is what you have just deleted. Now use the SHFT+CMD+Z to step forwards. The LAYER reappears. Put the mouse over layer 1, click and drag it down to the dustbin at the bottom of the layers palette. This is another way of DELETING LAYERS.

Create_New_LayerIn a similar way you can create a NEW LAYER by clicking the mouse on the symbol of a turning page to the left of the dustbin in the layers palette.

Make sure the new LAYER 1 is selected. Now draw in the canvas as before. Click the mouse on the EYE symbol on the left of the Layer 1. This turns the layer off.

Opacity

Now try using the OPACITY control in the layers palette. This changes the opacity of the layer you have selected. There are many other ways of changing the ways in which layers can be blended together. See if you can find some of them.

Select_LayerCreate another layer as before and now paint in this one. Using the mouse drag the new top layer so it swaps places with Layer 1. In this way you can change the order of layers.

Close this document by using the CMD+W keyboard shortcut.

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Time for some basic editing technique and I’ll try to make as much of this as possible applicable to all editing software where possible so you can go away and practice. In order to produce a professional standard of video output there are certain guidelines you should adhere to. Programs like iMovie make editing easy but are confusing with offerings such as page peal transitions and sepia effects etc, which are often completely unnecessary. No matter how tempting it is you should keep your editing simple, so here’s a brief guide that can be applied to many editing platforms. I work using Adobe Premiere Pro and Final Cut Pro so apologies in advance to other users.

Capture and Import

First thing you need to be confident about is getting your footage onto your computer. Often the assumption will be made by the client that the footage will be available for viewing minutes after the shoot when in reality this is possibly one of the timeliest processes. With changing formats this process differs but for those still using tape you will need to find your capture window. On Premiere Pro this is under File > Capture.

premiere_pro_capture

In final cut pro it is found under File > Log and Capture.

final_cut_log_and_capture

On consumer products such as iMovie choose imovie_import_from_cameraFile > Import from Camera. If you are plugged in using a FireWire cable you should now be able to operate your camera or deck from you desktop. If you have not logged your footage and have a handy list of time codes you will have to manually grab the footage. To do this que up the section of the video you desire, press play and then record. Your clip will appear in your projects library with the rest of your media. Be sure to name your clips well to locate them in the future and if you have a bunch of clips that belong together, create a New Bin by right clicking in the library and name accordingly. If you have HDD camera you should first have the drivers and codecs installed on your machine, in theory you should be able to plug in your hardware and then drag and drop the files across into you projects folder. Once or if your file are on your local machine you can click File > Import to import your files or in most programs drag and drop them to your library.

The Timeline and Tools

Understanding the timeline and a few tools is essential for editing. Obviously the timeline is the linear holder of your chosen clips but it is important to remember that you can stack up your video and audio to create a dynamic edit. This is used for things like titling the respondent in a clip or laying down a buzz track. You can add more tracks as and when you need them by right clicking one of the tracks to the left of the timeline. This can also be done for multiple audio tracks. Dragging and dropping your clips from the media library to the timeline is simple, you can then play through the clip by hitting the play button in the right hand viewer or by hitting the space bar, notice that as your clip plays the scrubber or play head moves along the timeline. You can also grab the play head with a hold click and scroll along the timeline. For frame by frame accuracy use the left and right arrow keys on your keyboard. Whilst editing, for those who are used to the arduous wait for final cut to render your timeline it is not vital in Premiere Pro. Although playback will appear blurred, you can build an entire edit without rendering the timeline and export it without a problem.

Premiere Pro Timeline

premiere_pro_timeline

Final Cut Pro Timeline

final_cut_timeline

Premiere Pro Tools Palette premiere_pro_tools_palette

Final Cut Pro Tools Palettefinal_cut_tools_pallette

Audio Transitions

Like video transitions keep your audio transitions simple and use them to mainly improve the continuity of what you hear. You should always lay down a buzz track anyway but transitions can help smooth the audio between clips. In order to ensure you leave yourself the option to use transitions, try to direct some dead sound before and after the clip when shooting by telling your actors or respondents to count to 5 and then begin or to pause for 5 seconds after each take. (where possible) Use fades at the end of clips to reduce the glitch sound and gains at the beginning of clips, use constant audio transitions to smoothly link clips, although be aware that audio from one clip might be heard in the next and not be appropriate.

audio_transitions

Manipulating Sound

When transition fall short is when you need to affect the audio often along the timeline, this is often brought about when using a sound track. You may wish to bring up and reduce the track before and after some dialogue for example. In final cut pro this is very easy using pushpins in the audio timeline, you merely pop a pushpin where you want the change to begin and one where you want it to finish, followed by moving audio level up or down. In premiere pro however, it is a little more difficult. The best way I find is to select your clip in the timeline and then click the effects tab. Drop down the levels control and make sure your play head is at the point you want the effect to begin, add a key frame and then slide the play head to where you want the change to finish, in the same way as final cut you can now drag up or down the audio using the yellow line or the level slider. Do make sure your key frame indicator is black when you make the new change using the slider, otherwise you risk automatically adding a key frame in the wrong position.

manipulating_sound

Video Effects and Transitions

As aformentioned, using transitions should be a limited and controlled affair. As a rule if there is not a reason to do, or use something then don’t do it, you will just confuse the viewer. If it is appropriate and correctly timed a straight cut will do, if this is too hard soften it with a cross dissolve or a fade to or from black. Apply the same principle for video effects, don’t use one unless there is a specific reason for stylising your video, it will just look weird.

video_transitions

Effects Tab and Key frames

As aformentioned in the section on audio,  you can effect things over time using the effects tab, the most common example of this would be the need to scale some over time or move the position within the frame. For this we would use the motion and position drop downs. In the same way as we affected the audio track place the play head at the point you wish to begin your animation and add a key frame, then place the timeline at the end point and add another key frame. Whilst the play head is at the point of the key frame your will turn black. Change your values here or effect the video in a drag and drop manner in the viewer on the right hand side. This technique is especially good for window in window video. As soon as possible try to get into the habit of changing co ordinates or percentage in the effects tab rather than manually dragging and moving the video in the preview pane. Have a notepad in front of you and record notes as you may need to replicate the size and position of another clip later on in the edit.

effects_tab_and_keyframes

Colour Correction

I shall first emphasize the important of getting colour right during the shoot, more on that in ‘Basic Filming Technique’. You can however, digitally fix your image and your controls can be found under your video effects. I won’t go into massive detail at this point but I recommend learning about brightness and contrast, saturation, curves and colour balance. Practice on images in Adobe Photoshop or Google some tutorials as you may waste hours trying to fix an image that could be corrected in seconds with a basic understanding of some image control options.

Cropping

Not a topic I originally intended to include here but as someone asked me today how to do it and with a growing trend for recording on screen tutorials, it will be handy to know to neaten up your work. Again the crop tool can be found in your video effects. Drag and drop it to your clip and manipulate the left, right up and down in the crop drop down in the effects.

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Just a quick one again in the hope that I can save someone the time it took me finding out how to fix my in line mic  that was not working on my iPhone and possibly save some expense too.

Firstly, my mic stopped working but I’m not sure when so could not pin point the problem. I performed the usual google and began reading forums and blogs. Here’s what I found. Firstly some said that the issue had occurred during a software update on the phone, my iPhone was relatively new and I had performed no update so I rulled that out. Secondly and it would seem the most common problem is a small piece of lint or hair in the socket, I advise shining a touch in before you go prodding around and then attempting to get whatever it is out. One person even demonstrates how to clean the socket with a cotton wool bud and a squirt of Windex but I’m not promoting this one, although I did try it. I was then going to send the phone off to be refurbished as recommended by many, but before I did, I thought rather than be without my phone for ages, for the sake of a fiver I’ll buy some new headphones. Bingo, that was my issue. I am writing this post as not many places on the net suggested a fault with the headphones, so hopefully this might save you a bit of time, money and effort.

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